Introduction to Nutrition And Metabolism, 4/e

4 P /E

Bender, David A. 저자(글)

CRC · 2007년 07월 11일

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저자(글) Bender, David A.

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• 
  Preface xv
  Additional resources xvii
  Problems at the end of chapters xviii
  Review journals xix
  About the author xxi
  Why eat? 1(12)
  Objectives 1(1)
  The need for energy 1(2)
  Units of energy 3(1)
  Metabolic fuels 3(2)
  The need for carbohydrate and fat 3(1)
  The need for protein 4(1)
  The need for micronutrients---minerals and vitamins 4(1)
  Hunger and appetite 5(8)
  Hunger and satiety---short-term control of feeding 5(1)
  Long-term control of food intake and energy expenditure 6(2)
  Appetite 8(1)
  Taste and flavor 8(1)
  Why do people eat what they do? 9(1)
  The availability and cost of food 9(1)
  Religion, habit, and tradition 10(1)
  Luxury status of scarce and expensive foods 11(1)
  The social functions of food 11(1)
  Key points 12(1)
  Enzymes and metabolic pathways 13(34)
  Objectives 13(1)
  Chemical reactions: breaking and making covalent bonds 13(3)
  Equilibrium 15(1)
  Catalysts 15(1)
  Enzymes 16(4)
  Specificity of enzymes 18(1)
  The stages in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction 19(1)
  Units of enzyme activity 20(1)
  Factors affecting enzyme activity 20(10)
  Effect of pH 20(1)
  Effect of temperature 21(1)
  Effect of substrate concentration 22(1)
  Experimental determination of Km and Vmax 23(2)
  Enzymes with two substrates 25(1)
  Cooperative (allosteric) enzymes 26(1)
  Inhibition of enzyme activity 26(1)
  Irreversible inhibitors 27(1)
  Competitive reversible inhibitors 28(1)
  Noncompetitive reversible inhibitors 29(1)
  Uncompetitive reversible inhibitors 29(1)
  Coenzymes and prosthetic groups 30(4)
  Coenzymes and metal ions in oxidation and reduction reactions 30(1)
  Metal ions 31(1)
  Riboflavin and flavoproteins 31(1)
  The nicotinamide nucleotide coenzymes: NAD and NADP 32(2)
  The classification and naming of enzymes 34(1)
  Metabolic pathways 35(5)
  Linear and branched pathways 37(1)
  Spiral or looped reaction sequences 37(1)
  Cyclic pathways 38(2)
  Enzymes in clinical chemistry and medicine 40(7)
  Measurement of metabolites in blood, urine and tissue samples 40(1)
  Measurement of enzymes in blood samples 40(1)
  Assessment of vitamin nutritional status 41(1)
  Key points 42(5)
  The role of ATP in metabolism 47(28)
  Objectives 47(1)
  The adenine nucleotides 47(1)
  Functions of ATP 48(10)
  The role of ATP in endothermic reactions 49(2)
  Transport of materials across cell membranes 51(1)
  Protein binding for concentrative uptake 51(1)
  Metabolic trapping 52(1)
  Active transport 52(1)
  P-type transporters 52(1)
  ABC-transporters 52(2)
  The sodium pump 54(1)
  The role of ATP in muscle contraction 55(1)
  Creatine phosphate in muscle 56(2)
  Phosphorylation of ADP to ATP 58(17)
  Oxidative phosphorylation: the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP linked to the oxidation of metabolic fuels 60(1)
  The mitochondrion 61(2)
  The mitochondrial electron transport chain 63(4)
  Phosphorylation of ADP linked to electron transport 67(2)
  Coupling of electron transport, oxidative phosphorylation, and fuel oxidation 69(1)
  Uncouplers 70(1)
  Respiratory poisons 71(2)
  Key points 73(2)
  Digestion and absorption 75(40)
  Objectives 75(1)
  The gastrointestinal tract 75(3)
  Digestion and absorption of carbohydrates 78(9)
  The classification of carbohydrates 78(1)
  Monosaccharides 79(2)
  Sugar alcohols 81(1)
  Disaccharides 81(1)
  Reducing and nonreducing sugars 81(2)
  Polysaccharides: starches and glycogen 83(1)
  Nonstarch polysaccharides (dietary fiber) 84(1)
  Carbohydrate digestion and absorption 85(1)
  Starch digestion 85(1)
  Digestion of disaccharides 86(1)
  The absorption of monosaccharides 87(1)
  Digestion and absorption of fats 87(9)
  The classification of dietary lipids 87(2)
  Fatty acids 89(2)
  Phospholipids 91(1)
  Cholesterol and the steroids 92(1)
  Digestion and absorption of triacylglycerols 93(1)
  Bile salts 93(2)
  Lipid absorption and chylomicron formation 95(1)
  Digestion and absorption of proteins 96(7)
  The amino acids 97(2)
  Protein structure and denaturation of proteins 99(1)
  Secondary structure of proteins 99(1)
  Tertiary and quaternary structures of proteins 100(1)
  Denaturation of proteins 101(1)
  Protein digestion 101(1)
  Activation of zymogens of proteolytic enzymes 102(1)
  Absorption of the products of protein digestion 103(1)
  The absorption of vitamins and minerals 103(12)
  Absorption of lipid-soluble vitamins and cholesterol 103(1)
  Absorption of water-soluble vitamins 104(1)
  Absorption of vitamin B12 104(1)
  Absorption of minerals 105(1)
  Iron absorption 106(1)
  Key points 107(8)
  Energy nutrition---the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats 115(56)
  Objectives 115(1)
  Estimation of energy expenditure 116(6)
  Indirect calorimetry and the respiratory quotient 116(1)
  Long-term measurement of energy expenditure---the dual isotopically labeled water method 117(1)
  Calculation of energy expenditure 117(1)
  Basal metabolic rate 118(1)
  Energy costs of physical activity 118(2)
  Diet-induced thermogenesis 120(2)
  Energy balance and changes in body weight 122(1)
  Metabolic fuels in the fed and fasting states 123(4)
  The fed state 123(2)
  The fating state 125(2)
  Energy-yielding metabolism 127(13)
  Glycolysis---the (anaerobic) metabolism of glucose 127(2)
  Transfer of NADH from glycolysis into the mitochondria 129(2)
  The reduction of pyruvate to lactate: anaerobic glycolysis 131(2)
  The pentose phosphate pathway---an alternative to glycolysis 133(1)
  The pentose phosphate pathway in red blood cells---favism 134(1)
  The metabolism of pyruvate 135(1)
  The oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA 135(1)
  Oxidation of acetyl CoA---the citric acid cycle 136(3)
  The citric acid cycle as a pathway for metabolic interconversion 139(1)
  Complete oxidation of four-and five-carbon compounds 140(1)
  The metabolism of fats 140(7)
  Carnitine and the transport of fatty acids into the mitochondrion 142(2)
  The β-oxidation of fatty acids 144(1)
  Ketone bodies 145(2)
  Tissue reserves of metabolic fuels 147(10)
  Synthesis of fatty acids and triacylglycerols 147(3)
  Unsaturated fatty acids 150(1)
  Synthesis of triacylglycerol 151(1)
  Plasma lipoproteins 151(2)
  Chylomicrons 153(1)
  Very low density lipoproteins, intermediate density lipoprotein, and low density lipoproteins 154(1)
  High density lipoproteins 155(1)
  Glycogen 155(1)
  Glycogen utilization 156(1)
  Gluconeogenesis---the synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors 157(14)
  Key points 158(13)
  Diet and health---nutrition and chronic diseases 171(34)
  Objectives 171(1)
  Chronic diseases (the ``diseases of affluence'') 172(1)
  Types of evidence linking diet and chronic diseases 172(6)
  Secular changes in diet and disease incidence 173(1)
  International correlations between diet and disease incidence 173(1)
  Studies of migrants 174(1)
  Case-control studies 175(1)
  Prospective studies 176(1)
  Intervention studies 177(1)
  Guidelines for a prudent diet 178(10)
  Energy intake 178(1)
  Fat intake 179(2)
  Type of fat in the diet 181(3)
  Carbohydrate intake 184(1)
  Sugars in the diet 184(1)
  Undigested carbohydrates (dietary fiber and nonstarch polysaccharides) 185(1)
  Salt 186(1)
  Alcohol 186(2)
  Nutritional genomics: interactions between diet and genes 188(1)
  Epigenetic modifications 189(1)
  Free radicals, oxidative damage, and antioxidant nutrients 189(5)
  Tissue damage by oxygen radicals 190(1)
  Sources of oxygen radicals 190(1)
  Reoxidation of reduced flavins 190(1)
  The macrophage respiratory burst 191(1)
  Formation of nitric oxide 191(1)
  Nonenzymic formation of radicals 191(1)
  Antioxidant nutrients and non-nutrients---protection against radical damage 192(1)
  Superoxide dismutase, peroxidases, and catalase 192(1)
  Glutathione peroxidase 192(1)
  Vitamin E 193(1)
  Carotenes 193(1)
  Vitamin C 194(1)
  Non-nutrient antioxidants 194(1)
  Other protective compounds in foods 194(11)
  Inhibition of cholesterol absorption or synthesis 196(1)
  Inhibition of carcinogen activation and increased conjugation of activated metabolites 196(1)
  Allyl sulfur compounds 196(1)
  Glucosinolates 197(2)
  Flavonoids 199(1)
  Phytoestrogens 199(1)
  Miscellaneous actions of phytochemicals 200(1)
  Key points 201(4)
  Overweight and obesity 205(24)
  Objectives 205(1)
  Desirable body weight 205(4)
  Body mass index 205(1)
  Measurement of body fat 206(1)
  Determination of body density 207(1)
  Determination of total body water or potassium 208(1)
  Imaging techniques 208(1)
  Measurement of whole-body electrical conductivity and impedance 208(1)
  Measurement of skinfold thickness 209(1)
  The problems of overweight and obesity 209(8)
  Social problems of obesity 209(2)
  The health risks of obesity 211(3)
  The distribution of excess adipose tissue 214(1)
  Obesity and the metabolic syndrome 214(1)
  Insulin resistance and hyperinsulinism 215(1)
  Adiponectin 216(1)
  Macrophage infiltration of adipose tissue 216(1)
  Excessive synthesis of cortisol 216(1)
  The causes and treatment of obesity 217(12)
  Energy expenditure 217(1)
  Availability of food 217(1)
  Control of appetite 218(1)
  How obese people can be helped to lose weight 219(1)
  Starvation 219(1)
  Very low-energy diets 220(1)
  Conventional diets 220(1)
  Very low carbohydrate (ketogenic) diets 221(1)
  Low glycemic index diets 221(1)
  High fiber diets 221(1)
  ``Diets'' that probably will not work 222(1)
  Slimming patches 223(1)
  Sugar substitutes 223(1)
  Fat substitutes 223(1)
  Pharmacological treatment of obesity 223(1)
  Surgical treatment of obesity 224(1)
  Help and support 224(1)
  Key points 225(4)
  Protein-energy malnutrition---problems of undernutrition 229(12)
  Objectives 229(1)
  Problems of deficiency 229(1)
  Protein-energy malnutrition 230(2)
  Marasmus 232(3)
  Causes of marasmus and vulnerable groups of the population 233(1)
  Disorders of appetite: anorexia nervosa and bulimia 233(1)
  Malabsorption 234(1)
  Food intolerance and allergy 234(1)
  Cachexia 235(2)
  Hypermetabolism in cachexia 235(1)
  Increased protein catabolism in cachexia 236(1)
  Kwashiorkor 237(4)
  Factors in the etiology of kwashiorkor 237(1)
  Rehabilitation of malnourished children 238(1)
  Key points 238(3)
  Protein nutrition and metabolism 241(42)
  Objectives 241(1)
  Nitrogen balance and protein requirements 241(9)
  Dynamic equilibrium 243(1)
  Mechanisms involved in tissue protein catabolism 244(1)
  Protein requirements 245(1)
  Protein requirements of children 246(1)
  Protein losses in trauma and infection---requirements for convalescence 247(1)
  Essential amino acids 248(1)
  Protein quality and complementation 249(1)
  Unavailable amino acids and protein digestibility 250(1)
  Protein synthesis 250(11)
  The structure and information content of DNA 251(2)
  DNA replication 253(1)
  The genetic code 253(1)
  Ribonucleic acid 254(2)
  Transcription to form messenger RNA 256(1)
  Translation of mRNA---the process of protein synthesis 257(1)
  Transfer RNA 257(1)
  Protein synthesis on the ribosome 258(2)
  The energy cost of protein synthesis 260(1)
  Posttranslational modification of proteins 261(1)
  The metabolism of amino acids 261(22)
  Metabolism of the amino nitrogen 262(1)
  Deamination 262(1)
  Transamination 263(1)
  The metabolism of ammonia 264(2)
  The synthesis of urea 266(2)
  Incorporation of nitrogen in biosynthesis 268(1)
  The metabolism of amino acid carbon skeletons 268(2)
  Key points 270(13)
  The integration and control of metabolism 283(34)
  Objectives 283(1)
  Patterns of metabolic regulation 283(1)
  Intracellular regulation of enzyme activity 284(5)
  Allosteric modification of the activity of regulatory enzymes 285(1)
  Control of glycolysis---the allosteric regulation of phosphofructokinase 286(1)
  Feedback control of phosphofructokinase 286(2)
  Feed-forward control of phosphofructokinase 288(1)
  Substrate cycling 289(1)
  Responses to fast-acting hormones by covalent modification of enzyme proteins 289(7)
  Membrane receptors and G-proteins 291(1)
  Cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP as second messengers 291(2)
  Amplification of the hormone signal 293(1)
  Inositol trisphosphate and diacylglycerol as second messengers 294(1)
  Amplification of the hormone signal 295(1)
  The insulin receptor 296(1)
  Slow-acting hormones: changes in enzyme synthesis 296(3)
  Amplification of the hormone signal 298(1)
  Hormonal control in the fed and fasting states 299(3)
  Hormonal control of adipose tissue metabolism 300(1)
  Control of lipid metabolism in the liver 301(1)
  Selection of fuel for muscle activity 302(4)
  The effect of work intensity on muscle fuel selection 302(2)
  Muscle fuel utilization in the fed and fasting states 304(1)
  Regulation of fatty acid metabolism in muscle 304(2)
  Diabetes mellitus---a failure of regulation of blood glucose concentration 306(11)
  Adverse effects of poor glycemic control 307(1)
  Key points 308(9)
  Micronutrients---the vitamins and minerals 317(74)
  Objectives 317(1)
  The determination of requirements and reference intakes 317(10)
  Dietary reference values 318(6)
  Supplements and safe levels of intake 324(1)
  The vitamins 324(3)
  Vitamin A 327(7)
  Vitamin A vitamers and international units 327(1)
  Metabolism of vitamin A and provitamin A carotenoids 328(1)
  Carotene dioxygenase and the formation of retinol from carotenes 328(1)
  Plasma retinol-binding protein (RBP) 329(1)
  Metabolic functions of vitamin A 330(1)
  Vitamin A in vision 330(1)
  Retinoic acid and the regulation of gene expression 330(2)
  Vitamin A deficiency---night blindness and xerophthalmia 332(1)
  Vitamin A requirements and reference intakes 333(1)
  Assessment of vitamin A status 333(1)
  Toxicity of vitamin A 333(1)
  Vitamin D 334(5)
  Vitamers and international units 335(1)
  Absorption and metabolism of vitamin D 335(1)
  Synthesis of vitamin D in the skin 335(1)
  Metabolism to the active metabolite, calcitriol 336(1)
  Metabolic functions of vitamin D 337(1)
  The role of calcitriol in bone metabolism 338(1)
  Vitamin D deficiency: rickets and osteomalacia 338(1)
  Vitamin D requirements and reference intakes 339(1)
  Vitamin D toxicity 339(1)
  Vitamin E 339(4)
  Vitamers and units of activity 340(1)
  Absorption and metabolism of vitamin E 340(1)
  Metabolic functions of vitamin E 341(1)
  Hypocholesterolemic actions of tocotrienols 342(1)
  Vitamin E deficiency 342(1)
  Vitamin E requirements 343(1)
  Indices of vitamin E status 343(1)
  Vitamin K 343(3)
  Vitamers of vitamin K 344(1)
  Metabolic functions of vitamin K 345(1)
  Vitamin K dependent proteins in bone 346(1)
  Vitamin K deficiency and requirements 346(1)
  Vitamin B1 (thiamin) 346(4)
  Absorption and metabolism of thiamin 347(1)
  Metabolic functions of thiamin 347(1)
  Thiamin deficiency 348(1)
  Dry beriberi 348(1)
  Wet beriberi 349(1)
  Acute pernicious (fulminating) beriberi---shoshin beriberi 349(1)
  The Wernicke--Korsakoff syndrome 349(1)
  Thiamin requirements 349(1)
  Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) 350(2)
  Absorption and metabolism of riboflavin 350(1)
  Metabolic functions of the flavin coenzymes 351(1)
  Riboflavin deficiency 351(1)
  Resistance to malaria in riboflavin deficiency 351(1)
  Riboflavin requirements 352(1)
  Niacin 352(6)
  Metabolism of niacin 352(1)
  Unavailable niacin in cereals 353(1)
  Absorption and metabolism of niacin 354(1)
  Metabolism of the nicotinamide nucleotide coenzymes 354(1)
  The synthesis of nicotinamide nucleotides from tryptophan 354(2)
  Metabolic functions of niacin 356(1)
  The role of NAD in ADP-ribosylation 357(1)
  Pellagra---a disease of tryptophan and niacin deficiency 357(1)
  Niacin requirements 357(1)
  Niacin toxicity 358(1)
  Vitamin B6 358(3)
  Absorption and metabolism of vitamin B6 359(1)
  Metabolic functions of vitamin B6 359(1)
  Vitamin B6 deficiency 359(1)
  Vitamin B6 requirements 360(1)
  Assessment of vitamin B6 status 360(1)
  The tryptohan load test 360(1)
  The methionine load test 361(1)
  Non-nutritional uses of vitamin B6 361(1)
  Vitamin B6 toxicity 361(1)
  Vitamin B12 361(3)
  Metabolic functions of vitamin B12 363(1)
  Vitamin B12 deficiency: pernicious anemia 363(1)
  Vitamin B12 requirements 364(1)
  Assessment of vitamin B12 status 364(1)
  The Schilling test for vitamin B12 absorption 364(1)
  Folic acid 364(9)
  Folate vitamers and dietary equivalence 365(1)
  Absorption and metabolism of folate 366(1)
  Metabolic functions of folate 366(2)
  Thymidylate synthetase and dihydrofolate reductase 368(1)
  Methionine synthetase and the methyl-folate trap 368(2)
  Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase and hyperhomocysteinemia 370(1)
  Folate deficiency: megaloblastic anemia 370(1)
  Folate requirements 371(1)
  Folate in pregnancy 371(1)
  Higher levels of folate intake 371(1)
  Assessment of folate status 372(1)
  Histidine metabolism---the FIGLU test 372(1)
  The dUMP suppression test 372(1)
  Biotin 373(2)
  Absorption and metabolism of biotin 373(1)
  Metabolic functions of biotin 373(1)
  Biotin deficiency and requirements 374(1)
  Pantothenic acid 375(1)
  Absorption, metabolism, and metabolic functions of pantothenic acid 375(1)
  Coenzyme A and acyl carrier protein 375(1)
  Pantothenic acid deficiency; safe and adequate levels of intake 375(1)
  Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) 376(6)
  Absorption and metabolism of vitamin C 377(1)
  Metabolic functions of vitamin C 377(1)
  Copper-containing hydroxylases 377(1)
  α-Ketoglutarate-linked iron-containing hydroxylases 378(1)
  Vitamin C deficiency: scurvy 378(1)
  Anemia in scurvy 379(1)
  Vitamin C requirements 379(1)
  Possible benefits of high intakes of vitamin C 380(1)
  Pharmacological uses of vitamin C 380(1)
  Toxicity of vitamin C 381(1)
  Assessment of vitamin C status 381(1)
  Minerals 382(9)
  Calcium 382(1)
  Osteoporosis 382(1)
  Minerals that function as prosthetic groups in enzymes 383(1)
  Cobalt 383(1)
  Copper 383(1)
  Iron 383(1)
  Molybdenum 384(1)
  Selenium 384(1)
  Zinc 385(1)
  Minerals that have a regulatory role in neurotransmission, as enzyme activators or in hormones 385(1)
  Calcium 385(1)
  Chromium 385(1)
  Iodine 385(2)
  Magnesium 387(1)
  Manganese 387(1)
  Sodium and potassium 387(1)
  Minerals known to be essential, but whose function is unknown 387(1)
  Silicon 387(1)
  Vanadium 387(1)
  Nickel and tin 387(1)
  Minerals that have effects in the body, but whose essentiality is not established 388(1)
  Fluoride 388(1)
  Lithium 388(1)
  Other minerals 388(1)
  Key points 388(3)
  Appendix 391(2)
  Glossary 393(10)
  Index 403

기본정보

ISBN	9781420043129 ( 1420043129 )
발행(출시)일자	2007년 07월 11일
쪽수	준비중
언어	영어