Biopsychology 7/E

7 /E

Pinel 저자(글)

Allyn and Bacon · 2021년 01월 01일

책 소개

Biopsychology clearly presents the fundamentals of the study of the biology of behavior and makes the topics personally and socially relevant to the student.

The defining feature of Biopsychology is its unique combination of biopsychological science and personal, reader-oriented discourse. It is a textbook that is “untextbooklike.” Rather than introducing biopsychology in the usual textbook fashion, it interweaves the fundamentals of the field with clinical case studies, social issues, personal implications, and humorous anecdotes. It tries to be a friendly mentor that speaks directly to the reader, enthusiastically relating recent advances in biopsychological science.

작가정보

저자(글) Pinel

John Pinel

John Pinel, the author of Biopsychology, obtained his PhD from McGill University in Montreal. He worked briefly at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology before taking up his current position at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver. Professor Pinel is an award-winning teacher and the author of over 200 scientific papers; however, he feels that Biopsychology is his major career-related accomplishment. “It ties together everything that I love about my job: students, teaching, writing, and research.”

When asked about his personal interests, Professor Pinel speaks glowingly of his partner, Maggie, and son, Greg. The high quality of the illustrations in Biopsychology is largely attributable to the effort and talents of Maggie, who is an artist and technical writer. Greg is currently completing his PhD at the London School of Economics, specializing in social and educational programs for indigenous peoples.

“I get most of my exercise by rehearsing and performing West African drum rhythms,” Professor Pinel says. “For a peak mental and physical experience, a bit of Kpanlogo with my friend, Nigerian drum master Kwasi Iruoje is hard to beat.” Most of Professor Pinel’s relaxation comes from cuddling his cats, Sambala, Rastaman, and Squeak.

목차

• Chapter 1: Biopsychology as a Neuroscience: What is Biopsychology Anyway?
  
  The Case of Jimmie G., the Man Frozen in Time
  
  Four Major Themes of This Book
  
  Thinking Clearly About Biopsychology
  
  Clinical Implications
  
  The Evolutionary Perspective
  
  Neuroplasticity
  
  1.1 What is Biopsychology?
  
  1.2 What is the Relation between Biopsychology and the Other Disciplines of Neuroscience?
  
  1.3 What Types of Research Characterize the Biopsychology Approach?
  
  Human and Nonhuman Subjects
  
  Experiments and Nonexperiments
  
  Quasiexperimental Studies
  
  Pure and Applied Research
  
  1.4 What are the Divisions of Biopsychology?
  
  Physiological Psychology
  
  Psychopharmacology
  
  Neuropsychology
  
  The Case of Mr. R., the Brain-Damaged Student Who Switched to Architecture
  
  Psychophysiology
  
  Cognitive Neuroscience
  
  Comparative Psychology
  
  1.5 Converging Operations: How Do Biopsychologists Work Together?
  
  1.6 Scientific Inference: How Do Biopsychologists Study the Unobservable Workings of the Brian?
  
  1.7 Critical Thinking about Biopsychological Claims
  
  Case 1: Jose and the Bull
  
  Case 2: Becky, Moniz, and Prefrontal Lobotomy
  
  
  
  Chapter 2: Evolution, Genetics, and Experience: Thinking about the Biology of Behavior
  
  2.1 Thinking about the Biology of Behavior: From Dichotomies to Relations and Interactions
  
  Is It Physiological, or Is It Psychological?
  
  Is It Inherited, or Is It Learned?
  
  Problems with Thinking about the Biology of Behavior in Terms of Traditional Dichotomies
  
  A Model of the Biology of Behavior
  
  2.2 Human Evolution
  
  Evolution and Behavior
  
  Course of Human Evolution
  
  Thinking about Human Evolution
  
  Evolution of the Human Brain
  
  Evolutionary Psychology: Understanding Mate Bonding
  
  Thinking about Evolutionary Psychology
  
  2.3 Fundamental Genetics
  
  Mendelian Genetics
  
  Chromosomes: Reproduction, Linkage, and Recombination
  
  Chromosome: Structure and Replication
  
  Sex Chromosomes and Sex-Linked Traits
  
  The Genetic Code and Gene Expression
  
  Mitochondrial DNA
  
  Modern Genetics
  
  2.4 Behavioral Development: The Interaction of Genetic Factors and Experience
  
  Selective Breeding of “Maze-Bright” and “Maze-Dull” Rats
  
  Phenylketonuria: A Single-Gene Metabolic Disorder
  
  Development of Birdsong
  
  2.5 The Genetics of Human Psychological Differences
  
  Development of Individuals versus Development of Differences among Individuals
  
  Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart
  
  
  
  Chapter 3: The Anatomy of the Nervous System: The System, Structures, and Cells That Make Up Your Nervous System
  
  3.1 General Layout of the Nervous System
  
  Division of the Nervous System
  
  Meninges, Ventricles, and Cerebrospinal Fluid
  
  Blood-Brain Barrier
  
  3.2 Cells of the Nervous System
  
  Anatomy of Neurons
  
  Glial Cells: The Forgotten Majority
  
  3.3 Neuroanatomical Techniques and Directions
  
  Neuroanatomical Techniques
  
  Directions in the Vertebrate Nervous System
  
  3.4 The Spinal Cord
  
  3.5 The Five Major Divisions of the Brain
  
  3.6 Major Structures of the Brain
  
  Myelencephalon
  
  Metencephalon
  
  Mesencephalon
  
  Diencephalon
  
  Telencephalon
  
  
  
  Chapter 4 Neural Conduction and Synaptic Transmission: How Neurons Send and Receive Signals
  
  The Lizard, a Case of Parkinson’s Disease
  
  4.1 The Neuron’s Resting Membrane Potential
  
  Recording the Membrane Potential
  
  The Resting Membrane Potential
  
  4.2 Generation and Conduction of Postsynaptic Potentials
  
  4.3 Integration of Postsynaptic Potentials and Generation of Action Potentials
  
  4.4 Conduction of Action Potentials
  
  The Ionic Basis of Action Potentials
  
  Refractory Periods
  
  Axonal Conduction of Action Potentials
  
  Conduction in Myelinated Axons
  
  The Velocity of Axonal Conduction
  
  Conduction in Neurons without Axons
  
  The Hodgkin-Huxley Model and the Changing View of Dendritic Function
  
  4.5 Synaptic Transmission: Chemical Transmission of Signals from One Neuron to Another
  
  Structure of Synapses
  
  Synthesis, Packaging, and Transport of Neurotransmitter Molecules
  
  Release of Neurotransmitter Molecules
  
  Activation of Receptors by Neurotransmitter Molecules
  
  Reuptake, Enzymatic Degradation, and Recycling
  
  Glial Function and Synaptic Transmission
  
  4.6 The Neurotransmitters
  
  Amino Acid Neurotransmitters
  
  Monoamine Neurotransmitters
  
  Acetylcholine
  
  Unconventional Neurotransmitters
  
  Neuropeptides
  
  4.7 Pharmacology of Synaptic Transmission and Behavior
  
  How Drugs Influence Synaptic Transmission
  
  Behavioral Pharmacology: Three Influential Lines of Research
  
  
  
  Chapter 5 The Research Methods of Biopsychology: Understanding What Biopsychologists Do
  
  The Ironic Case of Professor P.
  
  PART ONE
  
  5.1 Methods of Visualizing and Stimulating the Living Human Brain
  
  Contrast X-Rays
  
  X-Ray Computed Tomography
  
  Magnetic Resonance Imaging
  
  Positron Emission Technology
  
  Functional MRI
  
  Magnetoencephalography
  
  Brain-Image Archives
  
  Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
  
  5.2 Recording Human Psychophysiological Activity
  
  Scalp Electroencephalography
  
  Muscle Tension
  
  Eye Movement
  
  Skin Conductance
  
  Cardiovascular Activity
  
  5.3 Invasive Physiological Research Methods
  
  Stereotaxic Surgery
  
  Lesion Methods
  
  Electrical Stimulation
  
  Invasive Electrophysiological Recording Methods
  
  5.4 Pharmacological Research Methods
  
  Routes of Drug Administration
  
  Selective Chemical Lesions
  
  Measuring Chemical Activity of the Brain
  
  Location Neurotransmitters and Receptors in the Brain
  
  5.5 Genetic Engineering
  
  Gene Knockout Techniques
  
  Gene Replacement Techniques
  
  PART TWO: Behavioral Research Methods of Biopsychology
  
  5.6 Neuropsychological Testing
  
  Modern Approach to Neuropsychological Testing
  
  Tests of the Common Neuropsychological Test Battery
  
  Tests of Specific Neuropsychological Function
  
  Frontal Lobe Function
  
  5.7 Behavioral Methods of Cognitive Neuroscience
  
  5.8 Biopsychological Paradigms of Animal Behavior
  
  Paradigms for Assessment of Species-Common Behaviors
  
  Traditional Conditioning Paradigms
  
  Seminatural Animal Learning Paradigms
  
  
  
  Chapter 6 The Visual System: How We See
  
  The Case of Mrs. Richards: Fortification Illusions and the Astronomer
  
  6.1 Light Enters the Eye and Reaches the Retina
  
  The Pupil and the Lens
  
  Eye Position and Binocular Disparity
  
  6.2 The Retina and Translation of Light into Neural Signals
  
  Cone and Rod Vision
  
  Spectral Sensitivity
  
  Eye Movement
  
  Visual Transduction: The Conversion of Light to Neural Signals
  
  6.3 From Retina to Primary Visual Cortex
  
  Retinotopic Organization
  
  The M and P Channels
  
  6.4 Seeing Edges
  
  Lateral Inhibition and Contrast Enhancement
  
  Receptive Fields of Visual Neurons
  
  Receptive Fields: Neurons of the Retina-Geniculate-Striate System
  
  Receptive Fields: Simple Cortical Cells
  
  Receptive Fields: Complex Cortical Cells
  
  Columnar Organization of Primary Visual Cortex
  
  The Case of Mrs. Richards Revisited
  
  Plasticity of Receptive Fields of Neurons in the Visual Cortex
  
  6.5 Seeing Color
  
  Component and Opponent Processing
  
  Color Constancy and the Retinex Theory
  
  6.6 Cortical Mechanisms of Vision and Conscious Awareness
  
  Damage to Primary Visual Cortex: Scotomas and Completion
  
  The Case of the Physiological Psychologist Who Made Faces Disappear
  
  Damage to Primary Visual Cortex: Scotomas, Blindsight, and Conscious Awareness
  
  The Case of D.B., the Man Confused by His Own Blindsight
  
  Functional Areas of Secondary and Association Visual Cortex
  
  Dorsal and Ventral Streams
  
  The Case of D.F., the Woman Who Could Grasp Objects She Did Not Consciously See
  
  The Case of A.T., the Woman Who Could Not Accurately Grasp Unfamiliar Objects That She Saw
  
  Prosopagnosia
  
  Conclusion
  
  
  
  Chapter 7 Mechanisms of Perception: Hearing, Touch, Smell, Taste, and Attention: How You Know the World
  
  The Case of the Man Who Could Only Hear One Thing at a Time
  
  7.1 Principals of Sensory System Organization
  
  Hierarchical Organization
  
  The Case of the Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat
  
  Functional Segregation
  
  Parallel Processing
  
  The Current Model of Sensory System Organization
  
  7.2 Auditory System
  
  The Ear
  
  From the Ear to the Primary Auditory Cortex
  
  Subcortical Mechanisms of Sound Localization
  
  Primary and Secondary Auditory Cortex
  
  Effects of Damage to the Auditory System
  
  7.3 Somatosensory System: Touch and Pain
  
  Cutaneous Receptors
  
  Dermatomes
  
  The Two Major Somatosensory Pathways
  
  Cortical Areas of Somatosensation
  
  Effects of Damage to the Primary Somatosensory Cortex
  
  Somatosensory System and Association Cortex
  
  The Case of W.M., Who Reduced His Scotoma with His Hand
  
  Somatosensory Agnosias
  
  The Case of Aunt Betty, Who Lost Half of Her Body
  
  The Perception of Pain
  
  Neuropathic Path
  
  7.4 The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste
  
  The Olfactory System
  
  The Gustatory System
  
  Brain Damage and the Chemical Senses
  
  7.5 Selective Attention
  
  Change Blindness
  
  Neural Mechanisms of Attention
  
  Simultanagnosia
  
  
  
  Chapter 8 The Sensorimotor System: How You Move
  
  The Case of Rhonda, The Dexterous Cashier
  
  8.1 The Principles of Sensorimotor Function
  
  The Sensorimotor System Is Hierarchically Organized
  
  Motor Output is Guided by Sensory Input
  
  The Case of G.O., the Man with Too Little Feedback
  
  Learning Changes the Nature and Locus of Sensorimotor Control
  
  A General Model of Sensorimotor System Function
  
  8.2 Sensorimotor Association Cortex
  
  Posterior Parietal Association Cortex
  
  The Case of Mrs. S., the Woman Who Turned in Circles
  
  Dorsolateral Prefrontal Association Cortex
  
  8.3 Secondary Motor Cortex
  
  Identifying the Areas of Secondary Motor Cortex
  
  Mirror Neurons
  
  8.4 Primary Motor Cortex
  
  Conventional View of Primary Motor Cortex
  
  Current View of Primary Motor Cortex
  
  Belle: The Monkey That Controlled a Robot with Her Mind
  
  Effects of Primary Motor Cortex Lesions
  
  8.5 Cerebellum and Basal Ganglia
  
  Cerebellum
  
  Basal Ganglia
  
  8.6 Descending Motor Pathways
  
  Dorsolateral Corticospinal Tract and Dorsolateral Corticorubrospinal Tract
  
  Ventromedial Corticospinal Tract and Ventromedial Cortico-brainstem-spinal Tract
  
  Comparison of the Two Dorsolateral Motor Pathways and the Two Ventromedial Motor Pathways
  
  8.7 Sensory Spinal Circuits
  
  Muscles
  
  Receptor Organs of Tendons and Muscles
  
  Stretch Reflex
  
  Withdrawal Reflex
  
  Reciprocal Innervation
  
  Recurrent Collateral Inhibition
  
  Walking: A Complex Sensorimotor Reflex
  
  8.8 Central Sensorimotor Programs
  
  Central Sensorimotor Programs Are Capable of Motor Equivalence
  
  Sensory Information That Controls Central Sensorimotor Programs Is Not Necessarily Conscious
  
  Central Sensorimotor Programs Can Develop without Practice
  
  Practice Can Create Central Sensorimotor Programs
  
  Functioning Brain Imaging of Sensorimotor Learning
  
  The Case of Rhonda Revisited
  
  
  
  Chapter 9 Development of the Nervous System: From Fertilized Egg to You
  
  The Case of Genie
  
  9.1 Phases of Neurodevelopment
  
  Induction of the Neural Plate
  
  Neural Proliferation
  
  Migration and Aggregation
  
  Migration
  
  Aggregation
  
  Axon Growth and Synapse Formation
  
  Axon Growth
  
  Synapse Formation
  
  Neuron Death and Synapse Rearrangement
  
  Neuron Death
  
  Synapse Rearrangement
  
  9.2 Postnatal Cerebral Development in Human Infants
  
  Postnatal Growth of the Human Brain
  
  Development of the Prefrontal Cortex
  
  9.3 Effects of Experience on the Early Development, Maintenance, and Reorganization of Neural Circuits
  
  Early Studies of Experience and Neurodevelopment: Deprivation and Enrichment
  
  Competitive Nature of Experience and Neurodevelopment: Ocular Dominance Columns
  
  Effects of Experience on Topographic Sensory Cortex Maps
  
  Mechanisms by Which Experience Might Influence Neurodevelopment
  
  9.4 Neuroplasticity in Adults
  
  Neurogenesis in Adult Mammals
  
  Effects of Experience on the Reorganization of the Adult Cortex
  
  9.5 Disorders of Neurodevelopment: Autism and Williams Syndrome
  
  Autism
  
  The Case of Alex: Are You Ready to Rock?
  
  Autism is a Heterogeneous Disorder
  
  Autistic Savants
  
  Genetic Basis of Autism
  
  Neural Mechanisms of Autism
  
  Williams Syndrome
  
  The Case of Anne Louise McGarrah: The Uneven Abilities of Williams Syndrome
  
  
  
  Chapter 10: Brain Damage and Neuroplasticity: Can the Brain Recover from Damage?
  
  The Ironic Case of Professor P.
  
  10.1 Causes of Brain Damage
  
  Brain Tumors
  
  Cerebrovascular Disorders: Strokes
  
  Cerebral Hemorrhage
  
  Cerebral Ischemia
  
  Closed-Head Injuries
  
  The Case of Jerry Quarry: Ex-Boxer
  
  Infections of the Brain
  
  Neurotoxins
  
  Genetic Factors
  
  Programmed Cell Death
  
  10.2 Neuropsychological Diseases
  
  Epilepsy
  
  The Subtlety of Complex Partial Seizures: Two Cases
  
  Parkinson’s Disease
  
  Huntington’s Disease
  
  Multiple Sclerosis
  
  Alzheimer’s Disease
  
  10.3 Animal Models of Human Neuropsychological Disease
  
  Kindling Model of Epilepsy
  
  Transgenic Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease
  
  MPTP Model of Parkinson’s Disease
  
  The Case of the Frozen Addicts
  
  10.4 Neuroplastic Responses to Nervous System Damage: Degeneration, Regeneration, Reorganization, and Recovery
  
  Neural Degeneration
  
  Neural Regeneration
  
  Neural Reorganization
  
  Recovery of Function after Brain Damage
  
  10.5 Neuroplasticity and the Treatment of Nervous System Damage
  
  Reducing Brain Damage by Blocking Neurodegeneration
  
  Promoting Recovery from CNS Damage by Promoting Regeneration
  
  Promoting Recovery from CNS Damage by Neurotransplantation
  
  The Case of Roberto Garcia d’Orta: The Lizard Gets an Autotransplant
  
  Promoting Recovery from CNS Damage by Rehabilitative Training
  
  The Cases of Tom and Philip: Phantom Limbs and Ramachandran
  
  The Ironic Case of Professor P.: Recovery
  
  
  
  Chapter 11: Learning, Memory, and Amnesia: How Your Brain Stores Information
  
  11.1 Amnesic Effects of Bilateral Medial Temporal Lobectomy
  
  The Case of H.M., the Man Who Changed the Study of Memory
  
  Formal Assessment of H.M.’s Anterograde Amnesia
  
  Scientific Contributions of H.M.’s Case
  
  Medial Temporal Lobe Amnesia
  
  Semantic and Episodic Memories
  
  The Case of K. C.: The Man Who Can’t Time Travel
  
  The Case of the Clever Neuropsychologist: Spotting Episodic Memory Deficits
  
  Effects of Cerebral Ischemia on the Hippocampus and Memory
  
  The Case of R.B.: Product of a Bungled Operation
  
  11.2 Amnesia of Korsakoff’s Syndrome
  
  The Up-Your-Nose Case of N.A.
  
  11.3 Amnesia of Alzheimer’s Disease
  
  11.4 Amnesia after Concussion: Evidence for Consolidation
  
  Posttraumatic Amnesia
  
  Gradients of Retrograde Amnesia and Memory Consolidation
  
  Reconsolidation
  
  The Hippocampus and Consolidation
  
  11.5 Neuroanatomy of Object-Recognition Memory
  
  Monkey Model of Object-Recognition Amnesia: The Delayed Nonmatching-to-Sample Test
  
  The Delayed Nonmatching-to-Sample Test for Rats
  
  Neuroanatomical Basis of the Object-Recognition Deficits Resulting from Medial Temporal Lobectomy
  
  11.6 The Hippocampus and Memory for Spatial Location
  
  Hippocampal Lesions Disrupt Spatial Memory
  
  Hippocampal Place Cells
  
  Comparative Studies of the Hippocampus and Spatial Memory
  
  Theories of Hippocampal Function
  
  11.7 Where Are Memories Stored?
  
  Inferotemporal Cortex
  
  Amygdala
  
  Prefrontal Cortex
  
  The Case of the Cook Who Couldn’t
  
  Cerebellum and Striatum
  
  11.8 Synaptic Mechanisms of Learning and Memory
  
  Long-Term Potentiation
  
  Induction of LTP: Learning
  
  Maintenance and Expression of LTP: Storage and Recall
  
  Variability of LTP
  
  11.9 Conclusion: Infantile Amnesia and the Biopsychologist Who Remembered H.M.
  
  Infantile Amnesia
  
  Posttraumatic Amnesia and Episodic Memory
  
  The Case of R.M., the Biopsychologist Who Remembered H.M.
  
  
  
  Chapter 12: Hunger, Eating, and Health: Why Do Many People Eat Too Much?
  
  The Case of the Man Who Forgot Not to Eat
  
  12.1 Digestion, Energy Storage, and Energy Utilization
  
  Energy Storage in the Body
  
  Three Phases of Energy Metabolism
  
  12.2 Theories of Hunger and Eating: Set Points versus Positive Incentives
  
  Set-Point Assumption
  
  Glucostatic and Lipostatic Set-Point Theories of Hunger and Eating
  
  Problems with Set-Point Theories of Hunger and Eating
  
  Positive-Incentive Perspective
  
  12.3 Factors That Determine What, When, and How Much We Eat
  
  Factors That Determine What We Eat
  
  Factors That Influence When We Eat
  
  Factors That Influence How Much We Eat
  
  12.4 Physiological Research on Hunger and Satiety
  
  Role of Blood Glucose Levels in Hunger and Satiety
  
  Myth of Hypothalamic Hunger and Satiety Centers
  
  Role of the Gastrointestinal Tract in Satiety
  
  Hunger and Satiety Peptides
  
  Serotonin and Satiety
  
  Prader-Willi Syndrome: The Case of Miss A.
  
  12.5 Body Weight Regulation: Set Points versus Settling Points
  
  Set-Point Assumptions about Body Weight and Eating
  
  Set Points and Settling Points in Weight Control
  
  12.6 Human Obesity: Causes, Treatments, and Mechanisms
  
  Why Is There an Epidemic of Obesity?
  
  Why Do Some People Become Obese While Others Do Not?
  
  Why Are Weight-Loss Programs Typically Ineffective?
  
  The Case of the Child with No Leptin
  
  Serotonergic Drugs and the Treatment of Obesity
  
  12.7 Anorexia and Bulimia Nervosa
  
  The Relation Between Anorexia and Bulimia
  
  Anorexia and Positive Incentives
  
  The Case of the Anorexic Student
  
  
  
  Chapter 13: Hormones and Sex: What’s Wrong with the Mamawawa?
  
  The Developmental and Activational Effects of Sex Hormones
  
  The Men-Are-Men-and-Women-Are-Women Assumption
  
  13.1 The Neuroendocrine System
  
  Glands
  
  Classes of Hormones
  
  Gonads
  
  Sex Steroids
  
  Hormones of the Pituitary
  
  Female Gonadal Hormone Levels Are Cyclic; Male Gonadal Hormone Levels Are Steady
  
  Neural Control of the Pituitary
  
  Control of the Anterior and Posterior Pituitary by the Hypothalamus
  
  Discovery of Hypothalamic Releasing Hormones
  
  Regulation of Hormone Levels
  
  Pulsatile Hormone Release
  
  A Summary Model of Gonadal Endocrine Regulation
  
  13.2 Hormones and Sexual Development
  
  Fetal Hormones and the Development of Reproductive Organs
  
  Sex Differences in the Brain
  
  Perinatal Hormones and Behavioral Development
  
  Puberty: Hormones and the Development of Secondary Sex Characteristics
  
  13.3 Three Cases of Exceptional Human Sexual Development
  
  The Case of Anne S., the Woman Who Wasn’t
  
  The Case of the Little Girl Who Grew into a Boy
  
  The Case of the Twin Who Lost His Penis
  
  Do the Exceptional Cases Prove the Rule?
  
  13.4 Effects of Gonadal Hormones on Adults
  
  Male Reproduction-Related Behavior and Testosterone
  
  The Case of the Man Who Lost and Regained His Manhood
  
  Female Reproduction-Related Behavior and Gonadal Hormones
  
  Anabolic Steroid Abuse
  
  The Neuroprotective Effects of Estradiol
  
  13.5 Neural Mechanisms of Sexual Behavior
  
  Structural Differences between the Male Hypothalamus and the Female Hypothalamus
  
  The Hypothalamus and Male Sexual Behavior
  
  The Hypothalamus and Female Sexual Behavior
  
  13.6 Sexual Orientation, Hormones, and the Brain
  
  Sexual Orientation and Genes
  
  Sexual Orientation and Early Hormones
  
  What Triggers the Development of Sexual Attraction?
  
  Is There a Difference in the Brains of Homosexuals and Heterosexuals?
  
  Transsexualism
  
  The Independence of Sexual Orientation and Sexual Identity
  
  
  
  Chapter 14: Sleep, Dreaming, and Circadian Rhythms: How Much Do You Need to Sleep?
  
  The Case of the Woman Who Wouldn’t Sleep
  
  14.1 The Measures and Stages of Sleep
  
  The Three Standard Psychophysiological Measures of Sleep
  
  Four Stages of Sleep EEG
  
  14.2 REM Sleep and Dreaming
  
  Testing Common Beliefs about Dreaming
  
  The Interpretation of Dreams
  
  14.3 Why Do We Sleep, and Why Do We Sleep When We Do?
  
  14.4 Comparative Analysis of Sleep
  
  14.5 Circadian Sleep Cycles
  
  Free-Running Circadian Sleep-Wake Cycles
  
  Jet Lag and Shift Work
  
  14.6 Effects of Sleep Deprivation
  
  Personal Experience of Sleep Deprivation: A Cautionary Note
  
  Two Classic Sleep-Deprivation Case Studies
  
  The Case of the Sleep-Deprived Students
  
  The Case of Randy Gardner
  
  Experimental Studies of Sleep Deprivation in Humans
  
  Sleep-Deprivation Studies with Laboratory Animals
  
  REM-Sleep Deprivation
  
  Sleep Deprivation Increases the Efficiency of Sleep
  
  14.7 Four Areas of the Brain Involved in Sleep
  
  Two Areas of the Hypothalamus Involved in Sleep
  
  The Case of Constantin von Economo, the Insightful Neurologist
  
  Reticular Activating System and Sleep
  
  Reticular REM-Sleep Nuclei
  
  14.8 The Circadian Clock: Neural and Molecular Mechanisms
  
  Location of the Circadian Clock in the Suprachiasmatic Nuclei
  
  Mechanisms of Entrainment
  
  Genetics of Circadian Rhythms
  
  14.9 Drugs That Affect Sleep
  
  Hypnotic Drugs
  
  Antihypnotic Drugs
  
  Melatonin
  
  14.10 Sleep Disorders
  
  Insomnia
  
  Mr. B., the Case of Iatrogenic Insomnia
  
  Hypersomnia
  
  REM-Sleep-Related Disorders
  
  The Case of the Sleeper Who Ran Over Tackle
  
  14.11 The Effects of Long-Term Sleep Reduction
  
  Long-Term Reduction of Nightly Sleep
  
  Long-Term Sleep Reduction by Napping
  
  Long-Term Sleep Reduction: A Personal Case Study
  
  The Case of the Author Who Reduced His Sleep
  
  Effects of Short Sleep Times on Health
  
  Conclusion
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  Chapter 15: Drug Addiction and the Brain’s Reward Circuits
  
  Chemicals That Harm with Pleasure
  
  Case of the Drugged High School Teachers
  
  15.1 Basic Principles of Drug Action
  
  Drug Administration and Absorption
  
  Drug Penetration of the Central Nervous System
  
  Mechanisms of Drug Action
  
  Drug Metabolism and Elimination
  
  Drug Tolerance
  
  Drug Withdrawal Effects and Physical Dependence
  
  Addiction: What Is It?
  
  15.2 Role of Learning in Drug Tolerance
  
  Contingent Drug Tolerance
  
  Conditioned Drug Tolerance
  
  Thinking about Drug Conditioning
  
  15.3 Five Commonly Abused Drugs
  
  Tobacco
  
  Alcohol
  
  Marijuana
  
  Cocaine and Other Stimulants
  
  The Opiates: Heroin and Morphine
  
  Comparison of the Hazards of Tobacco, Alcohol, Marijuana, Cocaine, and Heroin
  
  The Drug Dilemmas: Striking the Right Balance
  
  15.4 Biopsychological Approaches to Theories of Addiction
  
  Physical-Dependence and Positive-Incentive Perspectives of Addiction
  
  From Pleasure to Compulsion: Incentive-Sensitization Theory
  
  Relapse and Its Causes
  
  15.5 Intracranial Self-Stimulation and the Pleasure Centers of the Brain
  
  Fundamental Characteristics of Intracranial Self-Stimulation
  
  Mesotelencephalic Dopamine System and Intracranial Self-Stimulation
  
  15.6 Early Studies of Brain Mechanisms of Addiction: Dopamine
  
  Two Key Methods for Measuring Drug-Produced Reinforcement in Laboratory Animals
  
  Early Evidence of the Involvement of Dopamine in Drug Addiction
  
  Nucleus Accumbens and Drug Addiction
  
  Support for the Involvement of Dopamine in Addiction: Evidence from Imaging Human Brains
  
  Dopamine Release in the Nucleus Accumbens: Reward or Expectation of Reward
  
  15.7 Current Approaches to Brain Mechanisms of Addiction
  
  Brain Mechanisms of Addiction: Recent Developments
  
  Structures that Mediate Addiction: The Current View
  
  15.8 A Noteworthy Case of Addiction
  
  The Case of Sigmund Freud
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  Chapter 16: Lateralization, Language, and the Split Brain: The Left Brain and the Right Brain of Language
  
  16.1 Cerebral Lateralization of Function: Introduction
  
  Discovery of the Special Contributions of Left-Hemisphere Damage to Aphasia and Apraxia
  
  Tests of Cerebral Lateralization
  
  Discovery of the Relation between Speech Laterality and Handedness
  
  Sex Differences in Brain Lateralization
  
  16.2 The Split Brain
  
  Groundbreaking Experiment of Myers and Sperry
  
  Commissurotomy in Human Epileptics
  
  Evidence That the Hemispheres of Split-Brain Patients Can Function Independently
  
  Cross-Cuing
  
  Doing Two Things at Once
  
  The Z Lens
  
  Dual Mental Functioning and Conflict in Split-Brain Patients
  
  The Case of Peter, the Split-Brain Patient Tormented by Conflict
  
  Independence of Split Hemispheres: Current Perspective
  
  16.3 Differences between the Left and Right Hemispheres
  
  Slight Biases versus All-or-None Hemispheric Differences
  
  Examples of Cerebral Lateralization of Function
  
  What Is Lateralized--Broad Clusters of Abilities or Individual Cognitive Processes?
  
  Anatomical Asymmetries of the Brain
  
  Theories of Cerebral Lateralization of Function: Why Did Cerebral Lateralization Evolve?
  
  The Case of W.L., the Man Who Experienced Aphasia for Sign Language
  
  16.4 Cortical Localization of Language: The Wernicke-Geschwind Model
  
  Historical Antecedents of the Wernicke-Geschwind Model
  
  The Wernicke-Geschwind Model
  
  16.5 Evaluation of the Wernicke-Geschwind Model
  
  Effects of Damage to Various Areas of Cortex on Language-Related Abilities
  
  Electrical Stimulation of the Cortex and Localization of Language
  
  Current Status of the Wernicke-Geschwind Model
  
  16.6 Cognitive Neuroscience Approach to Language
  
  Functional Brain Imaging and the Localization of Language
  
  16.7 Cognitive Neuroscience Approach to Dyslexia
  
  Developmental Dyslexia: Causes and Neural Mechanisms
  
  Developmental Dyslexia: Cultural Diversity and Biological Unity
  
  Cognitive Neuroscience Analysis of Reading Aloud: Deep and Surface Dyslexia
  
  The Case of N.I., the Woman Who Read with Her Right Hemisphere
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  Chapter 17: Biopsychology of Emotion, Stress, and Health: Fear, the Dark Side of Emotion
  
  17.1 Biopsychology of Emotion: Introduction
  
  Early Landmarks in the Biopsychological Investigation of Emotion
  
  The Mind-Blowing Case of Phineas Gage
  
  A Human Case of Kluver-Bucy Syndrome
  
  Emotions and the Autonomic Nervous System
  
  Emotions and Facial Expression
  
  17.2 Fear, Defense, and Aggression
  
  Types of Aggressive and Defensive Behaviors
  
  Aggression and Testosterone
  
  17.3 Neural Mechanisms of Fear Conditioning
  
  Amygdala and Fear Conditioning
  
  Contextual Fear Conditioning and the Hippocampus
  
  Lateral Nucleus of the Amygdala and Fear Conditioning
  
  17.4 Stress and Health
  
  The Stress Response
  
  Animal Models of Stress
  
  Stress and Gastric Ulcers
  
  Psychoneuroimmunology: Stress, the Immune System, and the Brain
  
  Early Experience of Stress
  
  Stress and the Hippocampus
  
  17.5 Brain Mechanisms of Human Emotion
  
  Specific Role of the Amygdala in Human Emotion
  
  The Case of S.P., the Woman Who Couldn’t Perceive Fear
  
  Specific Role of the Medial Prefrontal Lobes in Human Emotion
  
  Lateralization of Emotion
  
  Individual Differences in the Neural Mechanisms of Emotion
  
  The Case of Charles Whitman, the Texas Tower Sniper
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  Chapter 18: Biopsychology of Psychiatric Disorders: The Brain Unhinged
  
  18.1 Schizophrenia
  
  The Case of Lena, the Catatonic Schizophrenic
  
  What Is Schizophrenia?
  
  Causal Factors in Schizophrenia
  
  Discovery of the First Antischizophrenic Drugs
  
  Dopamine Theory of Schizophrenia
  
  Current Research on the Neural Basis of Schizophrenia
  
  18.2 Affective Disorders: Depression and Mania
  
  The Case of P.S., the Weeping Widow
  
  Major Categories of Affective Disorders
  
  Causal Factors in Affective Disorders
  
  Discovery of Antidepressant Drugs
  
  Brain Pathology and Affective Disorders
  
  Theories of Depression
  
  Antidepressant Effect of Sleep Deprivation and Exercise
  
  18.3 Anxiety Disorders
  
  The Case of M.R., the Woman Who Was Afraid To Go Out
  
  Five Classes of Anxiety Disorders
  
  Etiology of Anxiety Disorders
  
  Pharmacological Treatment of Anxiety Disorders
  
  Antidepressant Drugs
  
  Animal Models of Anxiety
  
  Neural Bases of Anxiety Disorders
  
  18.4 Tourette Syndrome
  
  The Case of R.G.--Barking Mad
  
  What Is Tourette Syndrome?
  
  Study of the Neuropathology of Tourette Syndrome
  
  Brain Mechanisms of Tourette Syndrome
  
  Treatment of Tourette Syndrome
  
  The Case of P.H., the Neuroscientist with Tourette Syndrome
  
  18.5 Clinical Trials: Development of New Psychotherapeutic Drugs
  
  Clinical Trials: The Three Phases
  
  Controversial Aspects of Clinical Trials
  
  Effectiveness of Clinical Trials
  
  The Case of S.B., the Biopsychology Student Who Took Control
  

기본정보

ISBN	9780205607501 ( 0205607500 )
발행(출시)일자	2021년 01월 01일
쪽수	준비중
언어	영어