Global Biogeochemical Cycles in the Climate System

New /E

Schulze, E.-D (Edt)/ Heimann, Martin (Edt)/ Harris 저자(글)

Academic · 2001년 07월 12일

책 소개

The interactions of biogeochemical cycles influence and maintain our climate system. Land use and fossil fuel emissions are currently impacting the biogeochemical cycles of carbon, nitrogen and sulfur on land, in the atmosphere, and in the oceans. This edited volume brings together 27 scholarly contributions on the state of our knowledge of earth system interactions among the oceans, land, and atmosphere. A unique feature of this treatment is the focus on the paleoclimatic and paleobiotic context for investigating these complex interrelationships.

작가정보

저자(글) Schulze, E.-D (Edt)/ Heimann, Martin (Edt)/ Harris

목차

• Contributors xiii
  Foreword xv
  Paul J. Crutzen
  Preface xvii
  David Schimel
  Introduction
  Uncertainties of Global Biogeochemical 3 (12)
  Predictions
  E. D. Schulze
  D. S. S. Schimel
  Introduction 3 (1)
  The IGBP Transect Approach 3 (3)
  The Patagonian Transect 3 (2)
  The Australian Transect 5 (1)
  The European Transect 5 (1)
  Variability in Processes 6 (4)
  Biome Approach and Functional Types 10 (1)
  New Approaches to Functional Diversity 10 (2)
  Conclusions 12 (3)
  References 14 (1)
  Uncertainties of Global Climate Predictions 15 (16)
  L. Bengtsson
  Introduction 15 (1)
  Observational Evidence 16 (1)
  Physical Rationale 17 (3)
  Stochastic Forcing 17 (1)
  Solar irradiation Changes 18 (1)
  Volcanic Effects 18 (2)
  Anthropogenic Effects 20 (1)
  Response to Forcing of the Climate System 20 (3)
  Results from Climate Change Prediction 23 (3)
  Experiments
  Summary and Conclusions 26 (5)
  References 27 (4)
  Uncertainties in the Atmospheric Chemical 31 (10)
  System
  G. P. Brasseur
  E. A. H. Holland
  Introduction 31 (1)
  Synthetic View of Chemical Processes in the 32 (1)
  Troposphere
  The IMAGES Model 33 (1)
  Changes in the Chemical Composition of the 34 (5)
  Global Troposphere
  Concluding Remarks 39 (2)
  References 39 (2)
  Inferring Biogeochemical Sources and Sinks 41 (20)
  from Atmospheric Concentrations: General
  Consideration and Applications in Vegetation
  Canopies
  M. Raupach
  Introduction 41 (2)
  Scalar and Isotopic Molar Balances 43 (4)
  General Principles 43 (1)
  Single-Point Eulerian Equations 44 (1)
  Source Terms for CO2 45 (1)
  Single-Point Lagrangian Equations 45 (2)
  Inverse Methods for Inferring Scalar 47 (6)
  Sources and Sinks in Canopies
  General Principles 47 (1)
  Localized Near Field Theory 47 (1)
  The Dispersion Matrix 48 (1)
  Turbulent Velocity Field 49 (1)
  Solutions for Forward, Inverse and 50 (2)
  Implicit Problems
  Field Tests 52 (1)
  Inverse Methods and Isotopes in Canopies 53 (2)
  Path Integrals and Keeling Plots 53 (1)
  Inverse Lagrangian Analysis of Isotopic 54 (1)
  Composition
  Summary and Conclusions 55 (6)
  Appendix A 57 (1)
  Appendix B 57 (1)
  References 58 (3)
  Biogeophysical Feedbacks and the Dynamics of 61 (12)
  Climate
  M. Claussen
  Introduction 61 (1)
  Synergisms 62 (2)
  High Northern Latitudes 62 (1)
  Subtropics 62 (2)
  Multiple Equilibria 64 (2)
  Transient Interaction 66 (1)
  Perspectives 67 (6)
  References 69 (4)
  Land-Ocean-Atmosphere Interactions and 73 (14)
  Monsoon Climate Change: A Paleo-Perspective
  J. E. Kutzbach
  Michael T. Coe
  S. P. Harrison
  M. T. Coe
  Introduction 73 (2)
  Response of the Monsoon to Orbital Forcing 75 (1)
  Ocean Feedbacks on the Monsoon 76 (1)
  Land-Surface Feedbacks on the Monsoon 77 (4)
  Synergies between the Land, Ocean and 81 (1)
  Atmosphere
  The Role of Climate Variability 81 (2)
  Final Remarks 83 (4)
  References 83 (4)
  Paleobiogeochemistry, I. C. Prentice 87 (28)
  D. Raynaud
  Introduction 87 (2)
  Methane 89 (1)
  Carbon Dioxide 89 (1)
  Mineral Dust Aerosol 90 (1)
  Scientific Challenges Posed by the Ice-Core 91 (1)
  Records
  Methane 91 (1)
  Carbon Dioxide 91 (1)
  Mineral Dust Aerosol 92 (1)
  Towards an Integrated Research Strategy for 92 (4)
  Palaeobiogeochemistry
  References 93 (3)
  Should Phosphorus Availability Be
  Constraining Moist Tropical Forest Responses
  to Increasing CO2 Concentrations?
  J. Lloyd
  M. I. Bird
  E. M. Veenendaal
  B. Kruijt
  Introduction 96 (1)
  Phosphorus in the Soils of the Moist Tropics 96 (2)
  Soil Organic Phosphorus 96 (1)
  Soil Inorganic Phosphorus 97 (1)
  Soil Carbon/Phosphorus Interactions 97 (1)
  States and Fluxes of Phosphorus in Moist 98 (5)
  Tropical Forests
  Inputs and Losses of Phosphorus Through 98 (2)
  Rainfall, Dry Deposition and Weathering:
  Losses Via Leaching
  Internal Phosphorus Flows in Moist 100 (2)
  Tropical Forests
  Mechanisms for Enhanced Phosphorus Uptake 102 (1)
  in Low P Soils
  Linking the Phosphorus and Carbon Cycles 103 (12)
  To What Extent Does Phosphorus 103 (1)
  Availability Really Limit Moist Tropical
  Forest Productivity?
  Tropical Plant Responses to Increases in 104 (1)
  Atmospheric CO2 Concentrations
  Using a Simple Model to Examine 105 (4)
  CO2/Phosphorus Interactions in Tropical
  Forests
  References 109 (6)
  Trees in Grasslands: Biogeochemical 115 (52)
  Consequences of Woody Plant Expansion
  S. Archer
  T. W. Boutton
  K. A. Hibbard
  Introduction 115 (1)
  Woody Plant Encroachment in Grasslands and 116 (2)
  Savannas
  The La Copita Case Study 118 (9)
  Biogeographical and Historal Context 118 (1)
  Herbaceous Retrogression and Soil Carbon 118 (1)
  Losses
  Woody Plant Encroachment and Ecosystem 119 (8)
  Biogeochemistry
  Degradation: Ecological Versus Socioeconomic 127 (1)
  Implications for Ecosystem and Natural 128 (1)
  Resources Management
  Summary 129 (10)
  References 130 (9)
  Biogeochemistry in the Arctic: Patterns,
  Processes and Controls
  S. Jonasson
  F.S. Chapin, III
  G. R. Shaver
  Introduction 139 (1)
  Tundra Organic Matter 139 (3)
  Distribution of Organic Matter 139 (2)
  Patterns and Controls of Organic Matter 141 (1)
  Turnover between Ecosystem Types
  Tundra Nutrients 142 (3)
  Nutrient Distribution and Controls of 142 (1)
  Nutrient Cycling
  Nutrient Mineralization and Plant 142 (1)
  Nutrient Uptake
  Are there Unaccounted Plant Sources of 143 (2)
  Limiting Nutrients?
  Biogeochemical Responses to Experimental 145 (3)
  Ecosystem Manipulations
  Applicability of Experimental 145 (1)
  Manipulations
  Responses to Water Applications 145 (1)
  Response to Nutrient Addition and Warming 145 (2)
  Responses in Ecosystem Carbon Balance 147 (1)
  Summary 148 (3)
  References 148 (3)
  Evaporation in the Boreal Zone During
  Summer---Physics and Vegetation
  F. M. Kelliher
  J. Lloyd
  C. Rebmann
  C. Wirth
  E. D. Schulze
  D. D. Baldocchi
  Introduction 151 (1)
  Climate and Soil Water 152 (4)
  Evaporation Theory 156 (2)
  Evaporation During Summer and Rainfall 158 (2)
  Forest Evaporation, Tree Life Form and 160 (2)
  Nitrogen
  Conclusions 162 (5)
  References 162 (5)
  Past and Future Forest Response to Rapid 167 (10)
  Climate Change
  M. B. Davis
  Introduction 167 (1)
  Long-Distance Dispersal 168 (2)
  Estimating Jump Distances 170 (1)
  Interactions with Resident Vegetation - 171 (1)
  Constraints on Establishment
  Interactions with Resident Vegetation - 172 (1)
  Competition for Light and Resulting
  Constraints on Population Growth
  Conclusions 173 (4)
  References 174 (3)
  Biogeochemical Models: Implicit vs. Explicit 177 (8)
  Microbiology
  J. Schimel
  Introduction 177 (1)
  Microbiology in Biogeochemical Models 177 (1)
  Dealing with Microbial Diversity in Models 178 (1)
  Kinetic Effects of Microbial Population Size 178 (2)
  Microbial Recovery from Stress 180 (1)
  Conclusions 181 (4)
  References 182 (3)
  The Global Soil Organic Carbon Pool 185 (32)
  M. I. Bird
  H. Santruckova
  J. Lloyd
  E. M. Veenendaal
  Introduction: the Soil Carbon Pool and 185 (1)
  Global Change
  Factors Affecting the Distribution of Soil 186 (1)
  Organic Carbon
  Global Variations in the SOC Pool 187 (3)
  The Limitations of Available Observational 190 (1)
  SOC Data
  A Stratified Sampling Approach 191 (6)
  Conclusions: Sandworld and Clayworld 197 (4)
  References 197 (4)
  Plant Compounds and Their Turnover and
  Stability as Soil Organic Matter
  G. Gleixner
  C. Czimczik
  C. Kramer
  B. M. Luhker
  M. W. I. Schmidt
  Introduction 201 (1)
  Pathways of Soil Organic Matter Formation 201 (7)
  Formation and Decomposition of Biomass 201 (5)
  The Influence of Environmental Conditions 206 (1)
  on SOM Formation
  Formation of Black Carbon 206 (2)
  Stabilization of Soil Organic Matter 208 (3)
  Chemical Stability of Molecules 209 (1)
  Stabilization of SOM by Interactions With 210 (1)
  the Soil Matrix
  Biological Stabilization of Organic 210 (1)
  Matter in Soils
  Turnover of Soil Organic Matter 211 (2)
  Conclusion 213 (4)
  References 213 (4)
  Input/Output Balances and Nitrogen Limitation 217 (10)
  in Terrestrial Ecosystems
  P. M. Vitousek
  C. B. Field
  Abstract 217 (1)
  Long-term Nutrient Limitation 218 (1)
  A Simple Model 219 (1)
  Pathways of N Loss 219 (3)
  Constraints to N Fixation 222 (1)
  Conclusions 222 (5)
  References 223 (4)
  Interactions Between Hillslope 227 (8)
  Hydrochemistry, Nitrogen Dynamics and Plants
  in Fennoscandian Boreal Forest
  P. Hogberg
  Introduction 227 (1)
  A Historical Perspective 227 (1)
  Nitrogen Supply and Forest Productivity in 228 (2)
  a Landscape Perspective: Hypotheses
  Interactions Between Hydrochemistry, N 230 (1)
  Dynamics and Plants at Betsele - a Model
  System
  Experimental Evidence 231 (1)
  Conclusions 232 (3)
  References 232 (3)
  The Cycle of Atmospheric Molecular Oxygen and 235 (10)
  its Isotopes
  M. Heimann
  Introduction 235 (1)
  Molecular Atmospheric Oxygen 235 (5)
  Overview 235 (1)
  Measurement Techniques 236 (1)
  Global Atmpospheric Trends in CO2 and O2 237 (1)
  Seasonal Cycles and Mean Annual Spatial 238 (1)
  Gradients
  Continental Dilution of The Oceanic O2 / 239 (1)
  N2 Signal
  The Stable Isotopes of Oxygen 240 (2)
  Overview 240 (1)
  18O and CO2 241 (1)
  The Dole Effect 241 (1)
  17O 242 (1)
  Integrative Research Approach 242 (3)
  References 243 (2)
  Constraining the Global Carbon Budget from 245 (22)
  Global to Regional Scales - the Measurement
  Challenge
  R. J. Francey
  P. J. Rayner
  C. E. Allison
  Introduction 245 (1)
  Present Status of Global C-Models 245

기본정보

ISBN	9780126312607 ( 0126312605 )
발행(출시)일자	2001년 07월 12일
쪽수	350쪽
크기	220 * 287 * 23 mm / 1252 g
총권수	1권
언어	영어