Photonics Rules of Thumb

2N /E

Miller, John Lester/ Friedman, Ed 저자(글)

McGraw-Hill · 2003년 10월 01일

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저자(글) Miller, John Lester/ Friedman, Ed

목차

• Acknowledgments	p. xi
  Introduction	p. xiii
  Acquisition, Tracking, and Pointing/Detection, Recognition, and Identification	p. 1
  SNR Requirements	p. 4
  The Johnson Criteria	p. 4
  Probability of Detection Estimation	p. 8
  Correcting for Probability of Chance	p. 9
  Detection Criteria	p. 10
  Estimating Probability Criteria from N[subscript 50]	p. 11
  Gimbal to Slewed Weight	p. 14
  Identification and Recognition Improvement for Interpolation	p. 14
  Resolution Requirement	p. 15
  MTF Squeeze	p. 16
  Psychometric Function	p. 18
  Rayleigh Criterion	p. 20
  Resolution Required to Read a Letter	p. 22
  Subpixel Accuracy	p. 24
  National Image Interpretability Rating Scale Criteria	p. 27
  Astronomy	p. 31
  Atmospheric "Seeing"	p. 33
  Blackbody Temperature of the Sun	p. 33
  Direct Lunar Radiance	p. 34
  Number of Actuators in an Adaptive Optic	p. 35
  Number of Infrared Sources per Square Degree	p. 37
  Number of Stars as a Function of Wavelength	p. 39
  Number of Stars above a Given Irradiance	p. 40
  Photon Rate at a Focal Plane	p. 40
  Reduction of Magnitude by Airmass	p. 41
  A Simple Model of Stellar Populations	p. 42
  Atmospherics	p. 45
  Atmospheric Attenuation or Beer's Law	p. 47
  Impact of Weather on Visibility	p. 48
  Atmospheric Transmission as a Function of Visibility	p. 50
  Bandwidth Requirement for Adaptive Optics	p. 51
  C[superscript 2 subscript n] Estimates	p. 52
  C[superscript 2 subscript n] as a Function of Weather	p. 54
  Free-Space Link Margins	p. 56
  Fried Parameter	p. 57
  Index of Refraction of Air	p. 59
  The Partial Pressure of Water Vapor	p. 62
  Phase Error Estimation	p. 62
  Shack-Hartmann Noise	p. 63
  Vertical Profiles of Atmospheric Parameters	p. 66
  Visibility Distance for Rayleigh and Mie Scattering	p. 66
  Backgrounds	p. 69
  Clutter and Signal-to-Clutter Ratio	p. 72
  Clutter PSD Form	p. 73
  Earth's Emission and Reflection	p. 74
  Effective Sky Temperature	p. 75
  Emissivity Approximations	p. 77
  Frame Differencing Gain	p. 78
  General Infrared Clutter Behavior	p. 79
  Illuminance Changes during Twilight	p. 80
  Reflectivity of a Wet Surface	p. 81
  Sky Irradiance	p. 82
  Spencer's Signal-to-Clutter Ratio as a Function of Resolution	p. 83
  Cryogenics	p. 85
  Bottle Failure	p. 88
  Cold Shield Coatings	p. 89
  Cooler Capacity Equation	p. 90
  Cooling with Solid Cryogen	p. 91
  Failure Probabilities for Cryocoolers	p. 92
  Joule-Thomson Clogging	p. 93
  Joule-Thomson Gas Bottle Weights	p. 94
  Sine Rule of Improved Performance from Cold Shields	p. 95
  Stirling Cooler Efficiency	p. 97
  Temperature Limits on Detector/Dewar	p. 98
  Thermal Conductivity of Multilayer Insulation	p. 98
  Cryocooler Sizing Rule	p. 99
  Radiant Input from Dewars	p. 100
  Detectors	p. 101
  APD Performance	p. 105
  Responsivity of Avalanche Photodiodes	p. 105
  Defining Background-Limited Performance for Detectors	p. 107
  Digitizer Sizing	p. 108
  HgCdTe "x" Concentration	p. 109
  Martin's Detector DC Pedestal	p. 110
  Noise Bandwidth of Detectors	p. 112
  Nonuniformity Effects on SNR	p. 113
  Peak versus Cutoff	p. 114
  Performance Dependence on R[subscript 0]A	p. 115
  Responsivity and Quantum Efficiency	p. 116
  Shot Noise Rule	p. 118
  Specifying 1/f Noise	p. 118
  Well Capacity	p. 121
  IR Detector Sensitivity to Temperature	p. 121
  Displays	p. 123
  Analog Square Pixel Aspect Ratios	p. 125
  Comfort in Viewing Displays	p. 125
  Common Sense for Displays	p. 126
  Contrast	p. 126
  Gamma	p. 128
  Gray Levels for Human Observers	p. 129
  Horizontal Sweep	p. 130
  Kell Factor	p. 131
  NTSC Display Analog Video Format	p. 132
  The Rose Threshold	p. 133
  Wald and Ricco's Law for Display Detection	p. 134
  Display Lines to Spatial Resolution	p. 135
  The Human Eye	p. 137
  Cone Density of the Human Eye	p. 141
  Data Latency for Human Perception	p. 142
  Dyschromatopic Vision	p. 143
  Energy Flow into the Eye	p. 145
  Eye Motion during the Formation of an Image	p. 146
  Frequency at which Sequences of Images Appear as a Smooth Flow	p. 147
  Eye Resolution	p. 149
  Little Bits of Eye Stuff	p. 149
  Old-Age Rules	p. 151
  Optical Fields of View	p. 153
  Pupil Size	p. 154
  The Quantum Efficiency of Cones	p. 155
  Retinal Illumination	p. 156
  Rod Density Peaks around an Eccentricity of 30[degree]	p. 158
  Simplified Optics Transfer Functions for the Components of the Eye	p. 160
  Stereograph Distance	p. 161
  Superposition of Colors	p. 161
  Vision Creating a Field of View	p. 163
  Lasers	p. 165
  Aperture Size for Laser Beams	p. 167
  Atmospheric Absorption of a 10.6-[mu]m Laser	p. 167
  Cross Section of a Retro-reflector	p. 168
  Gaussian Beam Radius Relationships	p. 170
  Increased Requirement for Rangefinder SNR to Overcome Atmospheric Effects	p. 172
  Laser Beam Divergence	p. 173
  Laser Beam Quality	p. 174
  Laser Beam Scintillation	p. 175
  Laser Beam Spread	p. 177
  Laser Beam Spread Compared with Diffraction	p. 179
  Laser Beam Wander Variance	p. 180
  Laser Brightness	p. 180
  LED vs. Laser Reliability	p. 182
  LIDAR Performance	p. 185
  On-Axis Intensity of a Beam	p. 186
  Peak Intensity of a Beam with Intervening Atmosphere	p. 187
  Pointing of a Beam of Light	p. 189
  Pulse Stretching in Scattering Environments	p. 190
  Thermal Focusing in Rod Lasers	p. 191
  Material Properties	p. 195
  Cauchy Equation	p. 198
  Diameter-to-Thickness (Aspect) Ratio for Mirrors	p. 199
  Dip Coating	p. 201
  Dome Collapse Pressure	p. 201
  Figure Change of Metal Mirrors	p. 203
  Mass Is Proportional to Element Size Cubed	p. 204
  Mechanical Stability Rules	p. 205
  Mirror Support Criteria	p. 206
  Natural Frequency of a Deformable Mirror	p. 207
  Pressure on a Plane Window	p. 208
  Properties of Fused Silica	p. 211
  Spin-Cast Mirrors	p. 212
  Miscellaneous	p. 215
  Amdahl's and Gustafson's Laws for Processing Speedup	p. 216
  Arrhenius Equation	p. 217
  Cost of a Photon	p. 218
  Crickets as Thermometers	p. 219
  Distance to Horizon	p. 220
  Learning Curves	p. 220
  Moore's Law	p. 222
  Murphy's Law	p. 223
  Noise Resulting from Quantization Error	p. 224
  Noise Root Sum of Squares	p. 225
  Photolithography Yield	p. 226
  Solid Angles	p. 227
  Speed of Light	p. 228
  Ocean Optics	p. 229
  Absorption Coefficient	p. 231
  Absorption Caused by Chlorophyll	p. 232
  Absorption of Ice at 532 nm	p. 233
  Bathymetry	p. 234
  f-Stop under Water	p. 235
  Index of Refraction of Seawater	p. 236
  Ocean Reflectance	p. 237
  Underwater Detection	p. 238
  Underwater Glow	p. 239
  Wave Slope	p. 240
  Optics	p. 241
  Aberration Degrading the Blur Spot	p. 243
  Aberration Scaling	p. 243
  Acousto-optic Tunable Filter Bandpass	p. 244
  Blur vs. Field-Dependent Aberrations	p. 245
  Circular Variable Filters	p. 246
  Defocus for a Telescope Focused at Infinity	p. 247
  Diffraction Is Proportional to Perimeter	p. 248
  Diffraction Principles Derived from the Uncertainty Principle	p. 248
  f/# for Circular Obscured Apertures	p. 250
  Fabry-Perot Etalons	p. 251
  Focal Length and Field of View	p. 253
  Grating Blockers	p. 253
  Grating Efficiency as a Function of Wavelength	p. 254
  Hollow Waveguides	p. 254
  Hyperfocal Distance	p. 256
  The Law of Reflectance	p. 257
  Limit on FOV for Reflective Telescopes	p. 258
  Linear Approximation for Optical Modulation Transfer Function	p. 258
  Antireflection Coating Index	p. 259
  Maximum Useful Pupil Diameter	p. 260
  Minimum f/#	p. 261
  Optical Cost	p. 262
  Optical Performance of a Telescope	p. 264
  Peak-to-Valley Approximates Four Times the Root-Mean-Square	p. 265
  Pulse Broadening in a Fabry-Perot Etalon	p. 266
  Root-Sum-Squared Blur	p. 267
  Scatter Depends on Surface Roughness and Wavelength	p. 268
  Shape of Mirrors	p. 269
  Spherical Aberration and f/#	p. 270
  Stop Down Two Stops	p. 271
  Radiometry	p. 273
  Absolute Calibration Accuracy	p. 277
  Bandpass Optimization	p. 277
  Blackbody or Planck Function	p. 280
  Brightness of Common Sources	p. 282
  Calibrate under Use Conditions	p. 282
  Effective Cavity Emissivity	p. 283
  The MRT/NE[Delta]T Relationship	p. 285
  The Etendue or Optical Invariant Rule	p. 286
  Ideal NETD Simplification	p. 288
  Laboratory Blackbody Accuracy	p. 289
  Lambert's Law	p. 290
  Logarithmic Blackbody Function	p. 291
  Narrowband Approximation to Planck's Law	p. 293
  The Peak Wavelength or Wien Displacement Law	p. 294
  Photons-to-Watts Conversion	p. 294
  Quick Test of NE[Delta]T	p. 295
  The Rule of 4f/#	p. 295
  Shop Optics	p. 297
  Accuracy of Figures	p. 300
  Approximations for Foucault Knife-Edge Tests	p. 301
  Cleaning Optics Caution	p. 302
  Collimator Margin	p. 303
  Detection of Flatness by the Eye	p. 303
  Diamond Turning Crossfeed Speed	p. 304
  Effect of Surface Irregularity on the Wavefront	p. 305
  Fringe Movement	p. 305
  Material Removal Rate	p. 306
  Oversizing an Optical Element for Producibility	p. 307
  Pitch Hardness	p. 308
  Sticky Notes to Replace Computer Punch Cards for Alignment	p. 308
  Preston's Law	p. 309
  Properties of Visible Glass	p. 310
  Scratch and Dig	p. 311
  Surface Tilt Is Typically the Worst Error	p. 312
  Systems	p. 313
  Baffle Attenuation	p. 315
  Expected Modulation Transfer Function	p. 315
  BLIP Limiting Rule	p. 316
  Dawes Limit of Telescope Resolution	p. 316
  Divide by the Number of Visits	p. 317
  General Image Quality Equation	p. 317
  Good Fringe Visibility	p. 318
  LWIR Diffraction Limit	p. 319
  Overlap Requirements	p. 319
  Packaging Apertures in Gimbals	p. 320
  Pick Any Two	p. 320
  Procedures to Reduce Narcissus Effects	p. 321
  Relationship between Focal Length and Resolution	p. 322
  Simplified Range Equation	p. 322
  System Off-Axis Rejection	p. 324
  Temperature Equilibrium	p. 325
  Typical Values of EO System Parameters	p. 325
  Wind Loading on a Structure	p. 326
  Largest Optical Element Drives the Mass of the Telescope	p. 327
  Target Phenomenology	p. 329
  Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function	p. 331
  Causes of White Pigment's Color	p. 333
  Chlorophyll Absorptance	p. 334
  Emissivity Approximations	p. 335
  The Hagan-Rubens Relationship for the Reflectivity of Metals	p. 337
  Human Body Signature	p. 338
  IR Skin Characteristics	p. 339
  Jet Plume Phenomenology Rules	p. 340
  Lambertian vs. Specular	p. 341
  Laser Cross Section	p. 342
  More Plume Rules	p. 343
  Plume Thrust Scaling	p. 343
  Rocket Plume Rules	p. 344
  Solar Reflection Always Adds to Signature	p. 345
  Temperature as a Function of Aerodynamic Heating	p. 347
  Visible and Television Sensors	p. 349
  Airy Disk Diameter Approximates f/# (for Visible Systems)	p. 355
  CCD Size	p. 355
  Charge Transfer Efficiency Rules	p. 356
  CMOS Depletion Scaling	p. 356
  Correlated Double Sampling	p. 358
  Domination of Spurious Charge for CCDs	p. 359
  Equivalent ISO Speed of a Sensor	p. 360
  Hobbs' CCD Noises	p. 360
  Image Intensifier Resolution	p. 361
  Increase in Intensifier Photocathode EBI with Temperature	p. 362
  Low-Background NE[Delta]Q Approximation	p. 363
  Microchannel Plate Noise Figure and Noise Factor	p. 363
  Noise as a Function of Temperature	p. 365
  Noise Equations for CMOS APSs and CCDs	p. 365
  Photomultiplier Tube Power Supply Noise	p. 367
  P-Well CCDs are Harder than N-Type	p. 368
  Richardson's Equation for Photocathode Thermionic Current	p. 369
  Silicon Quantum Efficiency	p. 369
  Williams' Lines of Resolution per Megahertz	p. 371
  Appendix A	p. 373
  Glossary	p. 389
  Index	p. 409
  About the Authors	p. 417
  Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

기본정보

ISBN	9780071385190 ( 0071385193 )
발행(출시)일자	2003년 10월 01일
쪽수	준비중
크기	160 * 231 mm